History
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linux Distribuation
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- linux was source code
- Kali linux was kernel
- List of Some Distros(Distributions)
- CentOS
- ubuntu
- redhat
- debian
- etc…
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Root Password
- restart → click Kali advance → Press E →[ Find ro and Change to rw, add init=/bin/bash ] → press Ctrl + X
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- System will reboot
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- Write [ passwd root ]
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- {write New Password}
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- exec /sbin/init → press Enter
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Linux Fundamental
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KERNEL
- The Kernel is a computer Program at The core Of a computer’s Operating System With complete control Over everything in the system
- Facilitates interactions Between Hardware And Software Components
- It handles peripherals like Keyboards, Monitors , Printers and Speakers
- Kernel is responsible for deciding Which memory each process Use
- differant kernals in different OS : -
- mac - XNU
- windows - windows Nt kernel 10
- android - Linux
- File Locations : -
- windows - SYSTEM Files(c drive)/ Windows/System32/ntkernel.exe
- Linux - # cd /boot → vmlinuz-5.3.0-kali2-amd64
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Types Of KERNEL
- Monolithic Kernel - Linux ⇒ every process controls By kernel
- Microkernel ⇒ User Space(system memory for application) and Kernel Space divide , Small
- Hybrid Kernel - Windows ⇒ mixture Both Kernel
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SHELL
- Shell and Kernel are Parts of Operating Systems
- user gives command → Request will goes to the Shell (user can’t directly asses kernel)
- Shell is like translator convert user language to Kernel language (human lag → machine lag)
- Shell provide Environment to run script and command
- .
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Types Of Shell
- Borne Shell - Unix ⇒ Write in c , /bin/sh is default prompt
- Bash Shell -linux ⇒ advance of Borne Shell , $ is default prompt
- C shell ⇒ Fully Base on C ,% is default promt
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Linux File System hierarchy
- Filesystem Hierarchy Standard(FHS) started in 1993
- Goal was to come to consensus on How directories Should be organized and which files should be stored Where.
- Files Information: -
- ROOT → [/bin , /boot , /dev , /etc , /home , /lib , /media , /mnt , /opt , /root , /sbin , /srv , /tmp , /usr , /var]
- /root ⇒root User Home directories
- /bin ⇒ all binarys , like exe files
- /boot ⇒ booting imformation , kernel ,
- /dev ⇒ all drivers and all hardwere files
- /etc ⇒ users information/passwords/ groups … main confiration files
- /home ⇒ User home directories
- /lib ⇒ contains shared lib images needed to boot system and run commands in root
- /media ⇒ mount point for removable media , exra drive , cd , dvd (auto manage by system)
- /mnt ⇒ same as media but temporarily , pen drive , card reader (we can manage manualy)
- /opt ⇒ add-on application pakages
- /sbin ⇒ Utilities used For System administration
- /srv ⇒ site-specific data which is served by this system (apache http server )
- /tmp ⇒ Temp Files
- usr ⇒ user related data / applications and files used by users
- /var ⇒ variable data files , This includes files , administrative and login data and temp files
- /proc ⇒ contains Special Files That represent system and process Information
- /lost+found ⇒ used got recovering files which are not Properly closed or Crashed
- /run ⇒ contains system information data describing the system was booted
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Linux File Types
- 7 types of File in Linux
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- : regular file ⇒ most comman files (txt , mp4 …)
- d : directory ⇒ second most command (peripherals (keybord ,mouse) )
- c : characher device file ⇒ allows to communicate with hardware peripheral devices
- b : block device file ⇒ -------^|^
- s : local socket file ⇒ provide sockets communication between processes
- p : named pipe ⇒ this pipe allow communication between two local processes.
- i : symbolic link ⇒ 1 file redirect to 2 file
- File permission
- r , w, x ⇒ read , write , exicute (4 , 2 , 1 ) = 7
- chown {user} {filename} ⇒ file assign to user
- chown : {group name} {filename} ⇒ assign New Group
- chmod a=rwx {file name} ⇒ it will change all user permission
- chmod u+rwx , go+rw {file name} ⇒ specifiy permission for user and group
- strings {file path} ⇒ read binary files
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Command Lines
- Open command line and code
- Touch Command
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- touch {file name.extenstion } ⇒ create singal file
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- touch {file{1..5}.extention} ⇒ create multiple files
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- touch -am {file name} ⇒ access last modification file time
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- ls ⇒ for list
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- ls -l ⇒ Show details
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- file {file name } ⇒ show type of file
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- rm ⇒ delete file
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- cp ⇒ copy file
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- mkdir ⇒ making file directory
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- cd ⇒ for go in directory
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- mv ⇒ move file
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- mv {file name} {rename file name} ⇒ rename file
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- cat {file path} ⇒ view files
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- head -{lines num} {path} ⇒ first specific number of line
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- tail -{lines num} {path} ⇒ last specific numbers of line
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- cat > {filename} ⇒ create , write file data
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- cat > {filename} <<{stop/ any word} ⇒ write {stop/ any word} to close automatically
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- cat echo ⇒ see that file
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- clear ⇒ clear terminal
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- cd {path} ⇒ change location
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- cd ~ ⇒ This for User home directory
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- cd .. ⇒ back parent dir
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- pwd (print working directory) ⇒ show working directory
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- man {command} ⇒ see full manual of command
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- echo ⇒ show text in command line print
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- echo > {filepath} ⇒ write and save path
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- Special Keys Strokets : -
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- Ctrl + A ⇒ moves cursor to beginning of the line
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- Ctrl + B ⇒ moves cursor backward one character
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- Ctrl + C ⇒ cancle current running command
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- Ctrl + D ⇒ logs out current session
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- Ctrl + E ⇒ move cursor and to the line
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- Ctrl + F ⇒ Move cursor forward one character
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- Ctrl + H ⇒ Erase one character/ backspace
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- Ctrl + P ⇒ paste previous line
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- Ctrl + R ⇒ Allows to search previously used command
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- Ctrl + S ⇒ Stops all output on-screen
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- Ctrl + Q ⇒ loses and application window
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- Ctrl + U ⇒ Erases the complete line
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- Ctrl + W ⇒ deletes The last word typed
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Control opraters
- ; ⇒ This multiple command in ones
- & ⇒ it’s run in background
- && ⇒ it’s check command was right or Not
- hash/pung ( # ) ⇒ comments
- history ⇒ show past cmd lines
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I/O Redirection
- echo >> ⇒ this will not do over write in file
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Filter and Pipes
- | ⇒ pipe symbol used to 2 combine 2 cmd
- grep ⇒ used to grep/ perticuler thing find
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Vi - vim
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- This is basic text editer in kali
- vim {name}.sh ⇒ sh for shell scripting
- i ⇒ for insert in script
- ps ⇒ show all process
- kill {process id} ⇒ terminate process id
- kill -9 {p id} ⇒ kill forcefully
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User / groups management
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account types
- root ⇒ all permission / super user
- Service ⇒ for installation packages
- User ⇒ normal for user
- Group ⇒ manage multiple account
- adduser ⇒ cmd for make user (fill all details)
- useradd ⇒ also create user but Not Profile
- userdel {username} ⇒ user will delete but not dir
- userdel -rf {username} ⇒ This is delete forcefully
- 4 type of diretory
- /etc/passwd ⇒ all user ac and pass info
- /etc/shadow ⇒ encrypted password of the corresponding account
- /etc/group ⇒ contains group info for each account
- /etc/gshadow ⇒ secure group ac info (password)
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Group
- All info can see in ⇒ /etc/group | tail -n 2
- 2 types of group
- primary - autocreate when make new user
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- secondary - This group manually manage
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- groupadd {group name} ⇒ cmd for make new Group
- usermod -g {group name} {username} ⇒ add user in 1 group
- usermod -G {group number1} , {gn2} … {username} ⇒ add 1 user in multiple Group
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john
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- This will unlock hash password
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- used different strings patterns
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- Faster in simple password
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- HTT Track - EDU Only
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- Download form Browser
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- install
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- This Will clone Internet website
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- path ⇒ main drive /my website
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